The benefits of IPPC membership include increased phytosanitary credibility and opportunities for capacity building and the strengthening of plant-protection infrastructures. Rights and obligations of member countries are outlined in the IPPC. A fundamental IPPC member right is the authority to regulate plants and plant products to prevent the entry and spread of pests. Steps that may be taken include imposing plant-health measures, refusing entry, treating or destroying noncompliant articles, and prohibiting or restricting regulated pests. A plant-health measure is a law, regulation, or official activity. Examples of official activities are: inspection, treatment, surveillance, and certification. Plant-health measures must be necessary for plant-health reasons, must be technically justified, must be consistent with pest risk level, must be the least restrictive measure available, must result in minimum impact to trade and travel, must be nondiscriminatory (i.e., not permitting differences in application), and must be transparent. Each country’s National Plant Protection Organization conducts official plant-health activities, such as certifying plant health, inspections, pest-risk analyses, and administering treatments.